Résumé
Pyrogenic carbon (PyC) is a continuum of aromatic and condensed organic molecules. It represents about 15 % of organic carbon in soils and sediments1. However, there is a discrepancy in the literature regarding quantification of PyC: different methods that are currently considered as reference differ largely in their results1,2. Indeed, most methods used to quantify PyC are based on different operational principles (e.g. chemical, thermal or physical stability of PyC, molecular markers) and consequently, they do not cover the same range of the PyC continuum2. In addition, most of them are expensive and/or time consuming. Here, we propose a new PyC quantification method based on Rock-Eval® thermal analysis, thought to be rapid, inexpensive and comparable to the previous methods toolbox. Rock-Eval® thermal analysis has been successfully introduced to the field of soil carbon analysis in the last two decades and allowed to distinguish between various pools of soil carbon (inorganic carbon, stable and active organic carbon) using a single analysis of combined pyrolysis and thermal oxidation3,4. In this study, we formulate the hypothesis that Rock-Eval® thermal analysis in combination with predictive modelling is suitable to quantify PyC in soil matrices.To build and validate such a model, we chose soil samples originating from contrasting climate zones and parent material and with varying properties including clay content and mineralogy, iron oxide speciation and content, pH, cation-exchange capacity and organic carbon content. We measured PyC using a set of established methods (i.e. CTO-375, BPCA and HyPy) and acquired Rock-Eval® thermograms. Then, we identified the relevant features for PyC quantification in the thermograms by applying several machine-learning approaches. This work adds a new soil carbon pool to the ones already accessible from Rock-Eval® thermal analysis and allows an efficient and rapid quantification of PyC in soils, which is needed for large-scale studies of soil carbon pools.(1) Reisser, M.; Purves, R. S.; Schmidt, M. W. I.; Abiven, S. Pyrogenic Carbon in Soils: A Literature-Based Inventory and a Global Estimation of Its Content in Soil Organic Carbon and Stocks. Front. Earth Sci. 2016, 4 (August), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2016.00080.(2) Hammes, K.; Smernik, R. J.; Skjemstad, J. O.; Schmidt, M. W. I. Characterisation and Evaluation of Reference Materials for Black Carbon Analysis Using Elemental Composition, Colour, BET Surface Area and 13C NMR Spectroscopy. Appl. Geochemistry 2008, 23 (8), 2113-2122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2008.04.023.(3) Disnar, J. R.; Guillet, B.; Keravis, D.; Di-Giovanni, C.; Sebag, D. Soil Organic Matter (SOM) Characterization by Rock-Eval Pyrolysis: Scope and Limitations. Org. Geochem. 2003, 34 (3), 327-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(02)00239-5.(4) Cécillon, L.; Baudin, F.; Chenu, C.; Houot, S.; Jolivet, R.; Kätterer, T.; Lutfalla, S.; Macdonald, A.; Van Oort, F.; Plante, A. F.; Savignac, F.; Soucémarianadin, L. N.; Barré, P. A Model Based on Rock-Eval Thermal Analysis to Quantify the Size of the Centennially Persistent Organic Carbon Pool in Temperate Soils. Biogeosciences 2018, 15 (9), 2835-2849. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2835-2018.
Auteurs, date et publication :
Auteurs Johanne Lebrun Thauront , Severin Luca Bellè , Marcus Schiedung , Amicie Delahaie , Marija Stojanova , François Baudin , Pierre Barré , Samuel Abiven
Date : 2024
Pages : 16551
Catégorie(s)
#CNRS #Ecotron IleDeFrance #ENSAuteurs, date et publication :
Auteurs Elodie Merlier , Gabriel Hmimina , Matthieu Bagard , Eric Dufrêne , Kamel Soudani
Publication : Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences
Date : 2025
Volume : 16
Issue : 8
Pages : 1238-1251
Catégorie(s)
#ANR-Citation #CNRS #Ecotron IleDeFrance #ENSAuteurs, date et publication :
Auteurs Katerina Dontsova , Zsuzsanna Balogh-Brunstad , Jon chorover
Date : 2020
Pages : 33-58
Catégorie(s)
#ANR-Citation #CNRS #Ecotron IleDeFrance #ENSRésumé
In the subsurface, water content, gas solubility, adsorption on minerals and chemical reactions control gas fluxes between soil and the atmosphere. Because these processes vary in intensity both in time and space, it is very challenging to quantify emissions, specifically when flux measurements are used for detection, identification or monitoring of a subsurface gas source. An experimental setup for gas percolation though soil column experiments under well-controlled conditions was developed and validated at the ECOTRON IleDeFrance research center. Its design included the effect of: i) watering/evaporation cycles, ii) barometric pressure, iii) injection pressure, iv) tracer behaviors and v) plant metabolism. To better understand subsurface processes controlling gas fluxes, we studied transport of multiple tracers across soil columns using long-term and high-resolution monitoring thanks to online low-flow mass-spectrometry. We injected tracer gases into columns containing different porous media, pure sillica sand and zeolite. This set-up allowed us to evaluate the relative contribution of diffusion, solubility and adsorption on various trace gases (SF6, noble gas including Xe). All the experimental data are discussed in conjonction with simulations using the NUFT unsaturated flow and transport code.
Auteurs, date et publication :
Auteurs Clément Alibert , Eric Pili , Pierre Barré , Charles Carrigan , Yunwei Sun , Hao Yue , Chollet Simon , Massol Florent
Date : 2025
Catégorie(s)
#CNRS #Ecotron IleDeFrance #ENSRésumé
Volatile organic compounds (VOC) emitted from terrestrial vegetation constitute complex olfactory environments (odorscapes) and play major roles in the interactions between organisms. Insects for instance, extract essential cues for their reproduction from their olfactory environment. Plant VOC production and emission are affected by environmental parameters, such heat and drought. As part of ODORSCAPE, a research program funded by French ANR, the effects of combined elevated atmospheric ozone and CO2 concentrations on plant VOC production are studied, by assessing the stress-induced variations in the VOC emissions and in the corresponding biosynthesis pathways. Two crops representative of temperate agro-ecosystems, maize and poplar, are considered in this study. For CO2, 400 ppm or 800 ppm are applied to plants, starting at the germination step for maize and at the acclimatization step for poplar, while 30 ppb or 110 ppb of ozone are applied on fully developed plants, during 6h of the photoperiod, for 2 weeks. At the end of the four treatment combinations, photosynthetic and gas exchange parameters, and VOC emissions are measured and will be related to changes in the potential activity of key enzymes in the major VOC biosynthetic pathways (such as the lipoxygenase, mevalonate and methylerythritol phosphate pathways) and carbon fixing metabolisms (RubisCO and PEP carboxylase). This will allow us to evaluate the extent of photosynthetic carbon allocation toward VOC biosynthesis pathways in response to both elevated ozone and CO2. In addition, the stress-induced odorscapes will be tested for their effects on olfaction of herbivorous insects at gene, neural coding and behavior levels. Together, the results of this multidisciplinary project should reveal new aspects of the ecological consequences of climate change.
Auteurs, date et publication :
Auteurs Elodie Merlier , Matthieu Bagard , Ruben Puga-Freitas , Christophe Boissard , Luis Leitao , Anne Repellin , Amandine Hansart , Simon Chollet , Michael Staudt , Juliette Leymarie
Date : 2018
Catégorie(s)
#CNRS #Ecotron IleDeFrance #ENSRésumé
Beside their potential for carbon sequestration, compost and biochar application in agriculture may constitute an alternative to mineral fertilizers by improving soil fertility and productivity in carbon-poor soils. This study focused on the impact of biochar and compost produced from date palm residues on nitrogen (N) leaching and plant uptake in a sandy soil cultivated with barley under arid climatic conditions. In addition to the unamended control soil (S), treatments with biochar (BC), urea (U), biochar + urea (BCU), compost (C) and biochar + compost (BCC) were tested. We followed soil fertility parameters, N leaching losses, N uptake and plant growth. Results showed a significant increase of barley yields with compost compared to urea (+66 %) treatment (U), biochar amended (BC) and unamended soil (S). Biochar alone or coapplied with a nutrient source seems to reduce barley shoot biomass and grain yields at shortterm. Leachate N recovery and soil extractable inorganic N at the end of barley cultivation indicated that compost did not provide N in excess at barley maturation stage. Compost amended soils led to the highest N losses through leaching and thus environmental risk of N vertical transfer. However, compost had positive effects on soil nutrient status and barley yields. No synergistic effect was observed between biochar and compost. In conclusion, this paper highlights that date palm compost improved barley productivity in a coarse textured soil, but with very short-term effects concerning available soil N.
Auteurs, date et publication :
Auteurs Elie Le Guyader , Mohamed El Mazlouzi , Alexandra Guillaneuf , Badji Tandina , Maxime Gommeaux , Julien Hubert , Vincent Miconnet , Béatrice Marin , Samuel Abiven , Diego Intrigliolo , Pierre Girods , Mahtali Sbih , Kamel Guimeur , Victor Kavvadias , Rahma Inès Zoghlami , Abid Abdelfettah , Xavier Morvan
Date : 2024
Catégorie(s)
#CNRS #Ecotron IleDeFrance #ENSRésumé
The ecosystem services (EcoS) concept is being used increasingly to attach values to natural systems and the multiple benefits they provide to human societies. Ecosystem processes or functions only become EcoS if they are shown to have social and/or economic value. This should assure an explicit connection between the natural and social sciences, but EcoS approaches have been criticized for retaining little natural science. Preserving the natural, ecological science context within EcoS research is challenging because the multiple disciplines involved have very different traditions and vocabularies (common-language challenge) and span many organizational levels and temporal and spatial scales (scale challenge) that define the relevant interacting entities (interaction challenge). We propose a network-based approach to transcend these discipline challenges and place the natural science context at the heart of EcoS research.
Auteurs, date et publication :
Auteurs The QUINTESSENCE Consortium
Publication : Trends in Ecology & Evolution
Date : 2016
Volume : 31
Issue : 2
Pages : 105-115
Catégorie(s)
#CNRS #Ecotron IleDeFrance #ENS #PLANAQUARésumé
Wildfires in the Arctic are producing pyrogenic carbon as product of incomplete biomass combustion. The storage and distribution of pyrogenic carbon in soils is poorly known, especially in carbon rich permafrost-affected mineral soils. Here, we extracted pyrogenic carbon in mineral soils from eleven forest sites across the North Canadian permafrost regions by hydrogen pyrolysis. We found pyrogenic carbon with millennial-scale ages that were older in continuous (1960–12,690 calibrated years before present) than in discontinuous (510–3560 calibrated years before present) permafrost-affected soils. In all cases, pyrogenic carbon showed longer residence times compared to bulk soil organic carbon. The proportions of pyrogenic carbon on total soil organic carbon were consistent at 6.9 ± 0.5% of total soil organic carbon. Thus, pyrogenic carbon forms a significant component of the total soil organic carbon and climatic as well as soil factors control the long residence times of pyrogenic carbon in vulnerable high-latitude forest mineral soils.
Auteurs, date et publication :
Auteurs Marcus Schiedung , Philippa Ascough , Severin-Luca Bellè , Michael I. Bird , Lisa Bröder , Negar Haghipour , Robert G. Hilton , Julie Lattaud , Samuel Abiven
Publication : Communications Earth & Environment
Date : 2024
Volume : 5
Issue : 1
Pages : 1-10
Catégorie(s)
#CNRS #Ecotron IleDeFrance #ENSAuteurs, date et publication :
Auteurs S. Barot , J.-C. Lata , G. Lacroix
Publication : Ecological Engineering
Date : 2025
Volume : 45
Pages : 13-23
Catégorie(s)
#CNRS #Ecotron IleDeFrance #ENS #PLANAQUARésumé
Abstract. Evolution of organic carbon content in soils has the potential to be a major driver of atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations over the next century. Understanding soil carbon dynamics is a challenge due to a wide range of residence time of soil organic matter and limited constraints on the mechanisms influencing its persistence. In particular, large uncertainties exist on the persistence of pyrogenic organic carbon in soils. In order to characterise organic matter with varying degrees of persistence and distinguish pyrogenic organic carbon, we combined Rock-Eval analysis, a thermo-chemical method, with the benzene polycarboxylic acid molecular marker method and Raman spectroscopy, to characterise samples from long-term bare fallow experiments, progressively depleted in the most labile organic carbon over time. Considering the heterogeneity of soil samples, size fractions have been separated to distinguish pools of organic carbon with distinct properties. We observe that organic carbon dynamics is dependent on granulometry. A pool of organic carbon with intermediate residence time, from years to a few decades, representing ca 65 % of the bulk soil organic carbon stock, is mainly associated to fine fractions ( 20 µm) are rich in centennially-persistent organic carbon, representing ca 20 % of the initial organic carbon stock, due to the chemical recalcitrance of organic matter in these fractions, dominated by pyrogenic organic carbon. A second pool of persistent organic carbon, representing ca 15 % of the initial organic carbon stock, is associated with the clay fraction, indicating mechanisms of protection occurring at the submicron scale (
Auteurs, date et publication :
Auteurs Mathieu Chassé , Suzanne Luftalla , Lauric Cécillon , François Baudin , Samuel Abiven , Claire Chenu , Pierre Barré
Date : 2020